A comprehensive assessment of state-wise biogas potential and its utilization in India

Conventional sources of energy like fossil fuels are available in limited quantities and harm environment. So, for sustainable growth, renewable energy is the only way forward. Biomass-based energy has untapped potential and is one of the most economical and best-proven options among the various alternative energy sources available. To fully utilize the biomass, the estimation of the possible potential is much needed. A state-wise biomass database is valuable for localized bioenergy policy. However, in India, a state-level biomass resource database is inadequate. This paper assessed the state-wise potential of biogas from various of sources including crop residues, livestock and poultry wastes, municipal solid wastes, and wastewater (sewage and industrial). The overall estimated biogas potential from organic waste in India is 74.795 billion m 3 /year. Also, the state-wise current generation capacity of digesters installed under various schemes is assessed in this paper. Currently, digesters with a generation capacity of 3.635 billion m 3 /year are achieved in India. The results show that there is a massive gap between the potential and its utilization. Among all the states, Uttar Pradesh (14.73 billion m 3 /year) has the highest biogas potential, and Maharashtra (671.40 million m 3 /year) has the highest installed achievement. The statistics generated in this research is expected to be beneficial for decentralized biogas planning and management in the state.

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Abbreviations

Municipal solid waste

National Project on Biogas Development

Khadi and Villages Industries Commission

Action for Food Production

Biogas Power Generation Program

Biogas Power Generation (Off-grid) and Thermal Energy Application Program

National Biogas and Manure Management Program

New National Biogas and Organic Manure Program

Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation

Hydraulic retention time

Million liter per day

Centre pollution control board

Chemical oxygen demand

Biological oxygen demand

Ministry of Renewable Energy

Crop production of an ith crop at sth state

Crop area of the ith crop at sth state

Crop yield of ith crop

Gross residue production of the ith crop at sth state

Residue to crop ratio of ith crop

Surplus residue production of the ith crop at sth state

Collection efficiency of the ith crop at sth state

Biogas yield of ith crop

Biogas potential of the ith crop at sth state

Biogas potential from crop residue at sth state

Dung production of ith animal at sth state

Animal population of ith animal at sth state

Dung per day of ith animal

Surplus dung available of ith animal at sth state

Collection efficiency of ith animal

Biogas potential from animal waste at sth state

Available municipal solid waste at sth state

Municipal solid waste at sth state

Organic fraction of municipal solid waste at sth state

Biogas potential from available municipal solid waste at sth state

Biogas potential from sewage

Removal efficiency of wastewater

Total biogas potential of India

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Mr. Siddhant Dash and Mr. Ankit Pratim Goswami, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam (India), for giving valuable comments and proof read which helped in improving the manuscript.